In 1993 Kuz’minov and Osiko identified that the ‘disturbance??of stoichiometry in LN crystals is generally due to the lack of oxygen in Nb2O5, employed like a raw content First melt (Czochralski process) [186]. Appropriately, dependant upon its production engineering, niobium pentoxide can adopt an array of compositions Nb2O5?x. Consequently, t